中學英語句子成分詳解
篇一:英語的句首動詞用什么形式
在英語高考試題的選擇題中,經常讓考生對英語句子的句首動詞形式判斷。本文將從以下幾個方面談談自己在平時教學中發現的規律歸納如下。
1、句首的原形動詞。此類題目設置的是祈使句。其基本句型為:祈使句 + and/or/— +簡單句。該句型中,祈使句表示條件,簡單句表示結果。請看下面兩個例子。
________ down the radio—the baby's asleep in the next room.(93年高考題)
A. Turning B. Turn C. Turned D. To turn
--English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?
--Yes. _________ more words and expressions and you will find it
easier to read and communicate.(04年上海高考題)
A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known
根據基本句型要求,以上兩題的答案分別是B、A。
2、不定式。不定式結構出現在句首是不定式短語作目的狀語。其意是“為了” 。例如:
__________ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.(01年北京、內蒙古、安徽春季高考題)
A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having Slept
根據句意“為了早上多睡一會兒,Bob關掉了鬧鐘”,故A為正確答案。
3、過去分詞。過去分詞在句首通常用作狀語,表示時間、方式或伴隨、原因、條件、讓步等。它們與句子主語的關系是被動關系。例如
_______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.(03年北京高考題)
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
在此試題中,句意為“給他時間”,表示條件,且相對主語而言,含有被動之意,D項為正確選項。
______ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.(05年北京春季高考題)
A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
此試題中,從漢語意義上講,它表示了主動的意義,而從英語結構來說,要用be + 過去分詞。與空格后的with組成的短語是be faced with。故該題正確答案是C。由此而推出很多這樣的短語:be dressed in, be covered with, be
tired of, be filled with,be separated from, be lost in, be marked with,be addicted to等,這樣的短語用作了系表結構,表示狀態。
4、現在分詞。現在分詞在句首所作成分與過去分詞相同。例如:
_____ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.(01年上海高考題)
A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered
_____ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.(05年湖北高考題)
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. To be separated
以上兩題現在分詞所表示的動作在主語之前發生,應該用完成式。兩題的不同點是主動與被動。上海題的現在分詞與句子主語的關系是主動關系,根據four years時間狀語,正確答案是C。湖北題則表示被動關系,也有時間狀語,故C是正確答案。
5、垂懸分詞
_____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(01年全國高考題)
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 此題設置的非謂語動詞的邏輯主語不是it,而且it也不是非謂語動詞的邏輯賓語。因此此題屬于垂懸分詞。因為這個動作發生在謂語動詞之前。正確答案是A。
6、動名詞。動名詞在句首考查的是句子的主語。
________ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.(02年上海高考題)
A. Exposed B. Having exposed
C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _______ the answers ready will be of great help.(05年北京高考題)
A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having
上海題測試的是動名詞短語作主語,expose與one’s skin是動賓關系,因此,選項C為(動名詞的被動式)正確答案。北京題,第二句的will be of great help缺主語,根據上下文的意思,“準備”是指一般性的行為,因此正確選項是D。
7、句首動詞的其他特殊結構:例如:
⑴ 動詞原形開頭的句子結構,是由as引起的倒裝句中。例如:
Try as she might, Carolina couldn’t get the door open.(05年廣東) 根據as引起的倒裝句的要求,其句子結構為:原形動詞 + as + 主語 + would/might。
⑵ 插入語結構。常用不定式作插入語的結構有:to begin with(首先)、to tell the truth(說老實話)、to sum up(總之)、to make things/matters worse(情況更糟的是)、to be frank/honest/?等形式。例如:
To make matters worse, he also had a son in college who had taken a bank loan for his students.
⑶倒裝結構中的現在分詞和過去分詞在句首。此結構中的現在分詞實際上是動詞的進行時態變化而來,過去分詞是由被動語態變化得來的。例如: Hanging on the wall is a photo of Mary’s family.
Tied to the small tree is a boat.
⑷不定式作主語。例如:
To see is to believe。
篇二:動詞與句子
動詞與句子
一、 句子的基本句型
在句子各成分中,主語和謂語是句子的核心部分。
5類基本句型:
1、S V (主、謂)
2、S V P (主、系、表)
3、S V O (主、謂、賓)
4、S V O C (主、謂、賓、補)
5、S V O O (主、謂、賓、賓)
二、 動詞分類
連系動詞 (SVP)
不及物動詞 (SV)
實意動詞 單賓語動詞 (SVO)
動詞 及物動詞 雙賓語動詞 (SVOO)
復合賓語動詞 (SVOC)
情態動詞
助動詞
三、 動詞分類與基本句型
1、 連系動詞用于SVP句型。常見的連系動詞有:be (is, am .are, was,were…..), smell, taste, sound, look, feel,seem, appear,become, get, turn, come, go, grow, fall, keep, remain,prove,make等。
Mary is a student. The cotton feels soft.
Your answer seemed right. He becomes wiser than before.
The days are getting longer. Please keep quiet.
His idea proved wrong.
2、 不及物動詞用于SV 句型。不及物動詞就是不能夠接賓語其意思就完整的動詞。如:go, come, turn, jump, swim, slow down, step in, set out, go ahead, drop in, happen, take place, matter, succeed等。
He has come. The sun is shinning.
It doesn’t matter. Who cares?
I will drop in if I have time.
3、 單賓語動詞用于SVO 句型. 單賓語動詞就是只需接一個賓語其意思就完整的動詞。如:know, want, enjoy, like, dislike, begin,start,need等。
I need some help. I know your name.
Do you need any help? She likes milk.
They enjoyed themselves very much last night.
4、 雙賓語動詞用于SVOO句型。雙賓語動詞就是需要接兩個賓語其意思才完整的動詞。兩個賓語一個為間接賓語,一個為直接賓語。一般來說,間接賓語指人,直接賓語指物。如:give, ask, answer, forgive, save, refuse, envy,teach,show, allow, bring, hand, lend, offer, pass, return, send, leave, tell, throw, wish等。
He told My father bought (間賓)(直賓) (間賓)(直賓)
I envy you your health. He give me the book yesterday.
5、 復合賓語動詞用于SVOC句型。復合賓語動詞就是要接一個賓語和一個補語其意思
才完整的動詞。賓語和補語合起來統稱為復合賓語。賓語補語表示賓語的性質、狀態,是對賓語的.一種補充說明。
1)用形容詞作補語的復合賓語動詞有:get, paint, make,believe, talk, find, think, keep, push, build, hold, drink,wash等
They keep I find (賓語)(賓補)
He pushed the door open. I believe him wrong.
They painted the room red.
2) 用名詞作補語的復合賓語動詞有:call, name, make, elect, find, consider, choose等 We call We elect (賓語)(賓補) (賓語)(賓補)
(賓語)(賓補)
注意:
1、雙賓語結構與復合賓語結構的區別:
雙賓語結構:間接賓語(指人)+直接賓語(指物)
復合賓語結構:賓語(補語的邏輯主語)+補語(說明賓語的性質、狀態) 試比較:
He made me a sentence. 他給我造了一個句子。
He made me an officer. 他把我造就成為一名軍官。
第一句為雙賓語結構,一個是人,一個是物。第二句為復合賓語結構,“me”與“officer”之間有主謂關系,等于“I am an officer.”。
2、有些不及物動詞加上介詞后便成為及物動詞。如:
I agree------ I agree with you.
He has arrived.--------- He has arrived at the station.
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