土木工程專業(yè)英語課文翻譯

　　導語：土木工程專業(yè)，是大學的一種自然學科。專門培養(yǎng)掌握各類土木工程學科的基本理論和基本知識，能在房屋建筑、地下建筑、道路、隧道、橋梁建筑、水電站、港口及近海結構與設施。以下是小編整理土木工程專業(yè)英語課文翻譯的資料，歡迎閱讀參考。

　　weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the project’s impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile, structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists. Based on information supplies by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.

　　領域。因為包含范圍太廣，土木工程學又被細分為大量的技術專業(yè)。不同類型的工程需要多 種不同土木工程專業(yè)技術。一個項目開始的時候，土木工程師要對場地進行測繪，定位有用 的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和電力線。巖土工程專家則進行土力學試驗以確定土壤能 否承受工程荷載。環(huán)境工程專家研究工程對當?shù)氐挠绊?，包括對空氣和地下水的可能污染?對當?shù)貏又参锷畹挠绊懀?以及如何讓工程設計滿足政府針對環(huán)境保護的需要。 交通工程專 家確定必需的不同種類設施以減輕由整個工程造成的對當?shù)毓泛推渌煌ňW絡的負擔。 同 時，結構工程專家利用初步數(shù)據(jù)對工程作詳細規(guī)劃，設計和說明。從項目開始到結束，對這 些土木工程專家的工作進行監(jiān)督和調配的則是施工管理專家。根據(jù)其他專家所提供的信息， 施工管理專家計算材料和人工的數(shù)量和花費， 所有工作的進度表， 訂購工作所需要的材料和 設備，雇傭承包商和分包商，還要做些額外的監(jiān)督工作以確保工程能按時按質完成。

　　Throughout any given project, civil engineers make extensive use of computers. Computers are used to design the project’s various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD) and to manage it. Computers are necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project.

　　貫穿任何給定項目， 土木工程師都需要大量使用計算機。 計算機用于設計工程中使用的多數(shù) 元件（即計算機輔助設計，或者 CAD）并對其進行管理。計算機成為了現(xiàn)代土木

　　res built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.

　　土木工程學作為最老的工程技術學科，是指規(guī)劃，設計，施工及對建筑環(huán)境的管理。此處的 環(huán)境包括建筑符合科學規(guī)范的所有結構，從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設施。

　　Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.

　　土木工程師建造道路，橋梁，管道，大壩，海港，發(fā)電廠，給排水系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)院，學校，公共 交通和其他現(xiàn)代社會和大量人口集中地區(qū)的基礎公共設施。 他們也建造私有設施， 比如飛機 場，鐵路，管線，摩天大樓，以及其他設計用作工業(yè)，商業(yè)和住宅途徑的大型結構。此外， 土木工程師還規(guī)劃設計及建造完整的城市和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)， 并且最近一直在規(guī)劃設計容納設施齊全的 社區(qū)的空間平臺。

　　The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader.

　　土木一詞來源于拉丁文詞“公民” 。在 1782 年，英國人 John Smeaton 為了把他的非軍事工 程工作區(qū)別于當時占優(yōu)勢地位的軍事工程師的工作而采用的名詞。 自從那時起， 土木工程學 被用于提及從事公共設施建設的工程師，盡管其包含的領域更為廣闊。

　　Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear.

　　工程師的 必備品，因為它使得工程師能有效地掌控所需的大量數(shù)據(jù)從而確定建造一項工程的最佳方法。

　　Structural engineering. In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridge, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist: its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials.

　　結構工程學。在這一專業(yè)領域，土木工程師規(guī)劃設計各種類型的結構，包括橋梁，大壩，發(fā) 電廠， 設備支撐， 海面上的特殊結構， 美國太空計劃， 發(fā)射塔，龐大的天文和無線電望遠鏡， 以及許多其他種類的項目。結構工程師應用計算機確定一個結構必須承受的力：自重，風荷 載和颶風荷載，建筑材料溫度變化引起的脹縮，以及地震荷載。他們也需確定不同種材料如 鋼筋，混凝土，塑料，石頭，瀝青，磚，鋁或其他建筑材料等的復合作用。