曼哈頓計(jì)劃

　　二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，以美英蘇為首的反法西斯聯(lián)盟與法西斯展開激烈的斗爭，戰(zhàn)場之外，雙方都在研制原子彈，而最終美國率先研制了出來，而且投放日本迫使其投降。美國研制原子彈的計(jì)劃就是著名的曼哈頓計(jì)劃，這個(gè)計(jì)劃的肇始應(yīng)該追溯到愛因斯坦寫給羅斯福的一封信，這封信揭露了德國法西斯秘密研制原子彈的計(jì)劃。

愛因斯坦給羅斯福的原信如下：

　　Albert Einstein

　　Old Grove Rd.

　　Nassau Point

　　Peconic, Long Island

　　August 2nd, 1939

　　F.D. Roosevelt

　　President of the United States

　　White House

　　Washington, D.C.

　　Sir:

　　Some recent work by E.Fermi and L. Szilard, which has been communicated to me in manuscript, leads me to expect that the element uranium may be turned into a new and important source of energy in the immediate future. Certain aspects of the situation which has arisen seem to call for watchfulness and, if necessary, quick action on the part of the Administration. I believe therefore that it is my duty to bring to your attention the following facts and recommendations:

　　In the course of the last four months it has been made probable – through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America – that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of new radium-like elements would be generated. Now it appears almost certain that this could be achieved in the immediate future.

　　This new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable – though much less certain – that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed. A single bomb of this type, carried by boat and exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory. However, such bombs might very well prove to be too heavy for transportation by air.

　　The United States has only very poor ores of uranium in moderate quantities. There is some good ore in Canada and the former Czechoslovakia, while the most important source of uranium is Belgian Congo.

　　In view of the situation you may think it desirable to have more permanent contact maintained between the Administration and the group of physicists working on chain reactions in America. One possible way of achieving this might be for you to entrust with this task a person who has your confidence and who could perhaps serve in an inofficial capacity. His task might comprise the following:

　　a) to approach Government Departments, keep them informed of the further development, and put forward recommendations for Government action, giving particular attention to the problem of securing a supply of uranium ore for the United States;

　　b) to speed up the experimental work, which is at present being carried on within the limits of the budgets of University laboratories, by providing funds, if such funds be required, through his contacts with private persons who are willing to make contributions for this cause, and perhaps also by obtaining the co-operation of industrial laboratories which have the necessary equipment.

　　I understand that Germany has actually stopped the sale of uranium from the Czechoslovakian mines which she has taken over. That she should have taken such early action might perhaps be understood on the ground that the son of the German Under-Secretary of State, von Weizs?cker, is attached to the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut in Berlin where some of the American work on uranium is now being repeated.

　　Yours very truly

　　Albert Einstein