淺議科技論文結構型英文摘要的句型特點和表達方式論文
在國際學術交流中的作用。因此,提高科技期刊文章的英文摘要質量十分重要,這也是加快我國科技期刊與國際接軌,促進學術交流的重要途徑。
一、科技論文英文摘要的主要類型
科技論文的英文摘要和中文摘要類似,不單要高度概括作者在正文中敘述的主要內容,抓住正文中有關試驗過程、結果和結論等重點,還需要結合英文的特點進行準確規范的描述,能夠使母語為非中文的讀者能通過英文摘要,確定此論文對自己的重要性和參考價值。隨著社會時代和語言環境的不斷演化,目前,科技期刊的英文摘要主要類型有指示型,信息型和結構型,等等,需要我們在撰寫論文的英文摘要時,結合文章內容類型和實際要求,區分其各自特點。
指示型摘要(indicative abstract)也稱為介紹型摘要,或者陳述型摘要,這種摘要一般較短,所描述的內容主要包括論文的論題和結論,或者概括表述作者的研究目的或者發展趨勢。其目的是使讀者對論文的主要撰寫目的和大概內容有一個了解。指示型摘要一般不介紹試驗方法、結果和作者的結論等具體內容,一般也不包含數據、公式、討論等。指示型英文摘要一般篇幅只有30~60個單詞,其主要謂語常用describe, indicate, introduce等。例如:
Title: Simulation tests of transfer of Turbine generator
Abstract: The simulation tests of transfer on turbine load and different changes was described。 It shows that the transfer curves of the main part parameters on the core simulator of Guangzhou turbine generator had been firmed in an optional status。
Title: Summarize of Cell Disruption Technique and Application
Abstract: Cell disruption of mechanical and non—mechanical technique and application were summarized in the paper。 Features and problems of these techniques were discussed。 In the end, the development of ultrasonic cell disruption technique was forecasted。
信息型摘要(informative abstract)也就是常說的報道型摘要,有時也被稱為資料型、材料型摘要。這種類型的摘要在當前專業英文期刊論文中普遍使用,其特點是主要介紹作者的研究目的(aim)、方法(method)、結果(results)和結論(conclusion)等,整個結構比較完整且一般有前后順序和層次關系,可以說是整篇論文的高度濃縮,因此,信息型英文摘要的篇幅一般較長,根據實際表達的內容,整個摘要大約100~300個單詞,上述各部分內容基本按順序表述。例如:
Title: Mathematic model of seed peeling efficiency with critical structure parameters based on orthogonal multinomial tests
Abstract: In this paper, research results of peeling technology for some small diameter cereals were presented。 The study found out some inherent laws between the peeling parameters, such as the helix angle, gears interval, rotating speed and the gears gap, and the peeling effect with a mathematic model after taking many orthogonal multinomial regressive tests with multi—factors and multi—levels。 The main test material is rapeseed, the typical o ill seeds which is widely planted in the south China。 This research result laid a reference of optimizing design of apparatus for small diameter plant seeds peeling。
結構型摘要(structured abstract)也就是常說的標注型摘要,或者叫標記型摘要。結構型摘要可以看成是信息型摘要的另一種形式,因為這種形式的英文摘要在信息型摘要的基礎上更加突出摘要在表達上的層次性和要描述的重點內容。其和傳統英文摘要的明顯不同,在于摘要的行文中必須有明顯突出的字體(一般用黑體或斜體)直接標示出論文的研究目的(aim)、方法(method)、結果(results)和結論(conclusion)等各部分內容。這種類型的英文摘要由于需要表達論文的完整要點,一般篇幅較長,有些會超過500字。突出的字體便于讀者直觀找到論文的關鍵內容,也使整個摘要的表達形式更加簡單明了,因此,廣泛應用于理工科類科技期刊論文的摘要中。例如:
Title: Optimized design and experiment of roller—crush board ginkgo huller
Abstract: Aim The propose of the study is to overcome shortcomings of gingko hulling process of roller—crush board huller, low hulled rate, difficulty of crushed mixture, etc。 Methods A new structure of the huller was redesigned。 The crush board was improved, two shocking board were put into the crushing facility, and crushed mixture of gingko were separated with wind raising sieve。 After 4—factor—2—level orthogonal experiments had been accomplished, key parameter of the hushing equipment had been studied with the quantitative analysis。 Results The cracked nut rate T increases by 9% over before, and can reach 70%。 The smashed nut rate S is less than 12%, the rate of remained core in shell dropped to 10% and the rate of remained shell in core go to 8%, while the four key parameters (roller material, rolling interstice, rotate velocity and pre—treating) were adjusted to 45# steel, 10 mm, 1000 r/min and 4 hour under 50℃ infrared drying oven, respectively。 Conclusion The study got an optional parameters for a new generation of improved prototype of gingko huller。
二、結構型英文摘要的特點
(一)結構型英文摘要的層次描述比較清晰
結構型英文摘要與中文摘要一樣,有比較清晰的層次結構,一般包括:目的,即作者擬定論文的目的以及擬解決的問題,或者論述的觀點;方法,即作者撰寫論文的主要過程,有時還包括所采用的技術手段,試驗方法,還可以包括主要的儀器設備、操作過程和所采用的材料,等等;結果,即論文所獲得的試驗結果或論證的結果,可能還包括數據及關系式等規律性的東西;結論,即文章要闡明的理論,現象或觀點等。上述層次關系在結構型摘要中按順序展開,使讀者通過英文摘要能一目了然地了解文章的概貌。
(二)結構型摘要的句型相對固定
結構型英文摘要按照層次關系在表述各部分內容時,其句型和語法是基本固定的,研究目的(Aim或Objective)部分基本都是不定式開頭的陳述句,例如:In order to study the effect of radiated cellulose by low energy electrons of the nitrocellulose。方法(Method)部分經常使用study, consider, discuss, investigate, analysis, develop等單詞。結果(Results)部分則直接采用簡單句的型式,并多用present, report, illustrate等表達結果的單詞。結論(Conclusion)部分則簡單明了地表達文章發現的規律或總結性結論,常采用summary, outline, rule等詞匯。
(三)結構型摘要的重點十分突出
有別于指示型和消息型的英文摘要,結構型英文摘要由于在摘要中用明顯不同的字體突出了文章的研究目的(aim)、方法(method)、結果(results)和結論(conclusion)等,視覺上的重點十分突出,讀者很容易在第一時間發現該科技文章各部分的要點,提高了閱讀速度和效率,尤其對于母語為非英語的同行,通過閱讀結構型英文摘要,能快速了解并決定該文章有無繼續閱讀全文的必要。例如:
Title: Determination of disruption rate of recombinant hansenula polymorpha cells expressing HBsAg
Abstract: Objective To develop a method for rapid determination of disruption rate of recombinant Hansenula polymorpha(HP)cells expressing HBsAg。 Methods The disruption rate of recombinant HP cells was determined by microscopic counting and capillary centrifugation after staining, and the protein contents in supernatants of cells before and after disruption were determined by Lowry method to evaluate the disruption rate indirectly。 Results The disruption rate of cells was directly calculated by microscopic counting, and the result was reliable。 The disruption rate of cells determined by capillary centrifugation was similar to that by microscopic counting。 The suspension of disrupted HP cells were well stained with Coomassie brilliant blue。 Conclusion Microscopic counting, capillary centrifugation method were suitable for evaluation of cell disruption rate, however, capillary centrifugation was rapid, simple and practical in actual production process。
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