賓語(yǔ)從句意義

　　語(yǔ)法是語(yǔ)言的組織規(guī)律，任何人在使用語(yǔ)言時(shí)，不管他是否學(xué)過(guò)語(yǔ)法，都須合乎語(yǔ)法。另外，總結(jié)語(yǔ)法本身的規(guī)律也能加深我們對(duì)語(yǔ)言的理解，讓我們能夠真正熟練地運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言。（賓語(yǔ)：指一個(gè)動(dòng)作（動(dòng)詞）的接受者，常置于動(dòng)詞之后，也有雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)例句：he gave me a book，類似擁有me和book兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的句子叫雙賓語(yǔ)從句），在復(fù)合句中，由一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，這個(gè)句子就叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。

　　賓語(yǔ)從句定義

　　置于動(dòng)詞、介詞等詞性后面起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序必須是陳述語(yǔ)序。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞、動(dòng)詞不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能帶賓語(yǔ)從句。有些形容詞（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句。

　　賓語(yǔ)從句特點(diǎn)

　　賓語(yǔ)從句可以作及物動(dòng)詞、介詞及形容詞的賓語(yǔ)。

　　賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序一律用陳述句語(yǔ)序。

　　連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句在句中無(wú)詞義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，多數(shù)情況下可以省略。

　　whether 和 if 都可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，但 whether后可緊跟or not；whether從句可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。

　　如果從句太長(zhǎng)，可以用形式賓語(yǔ)it. 補(bǔ)充賓語(yǔ)從句在句子中起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句.賓語(yǔ)從句分為三類:

　　（1）動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句,介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句和形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句.時(shí)態(tài)：1·主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句可用任意時(shí)。 2·主句用過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。 3·主句用過(guò)去時(shí)，從句是真理時(shí)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　（2）賓語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有that,if,whether.that引導(dǎo)表示陳述句的賓語(yǔ)從句,而if和whether引導(dǎo)表示“是否”的賓語(yǔ)從句.

　　He told that he would go to the college the next year他告訴我他下一年上大學(xué).

　　I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否還會(huì)有公交車.

　　Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.沒(méi)人知道他是否會(huì)通過(guò)考試.

　　連接代詞連接代詞主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.連接代詞一般指疑問(wèn),但what, whatever除了指疑問(wèn)外,也可以指陳述.

　　Do you know who has won this game?你知道誰(shuí)贏了這一局游戲嗎?

　　I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你該依靠誰(shuí).

　　The book will show you what the best CEOs know.這本書(shū)會(huì)告訴你最好的執(zhí)行總裁該了解些什么.

　　Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你決定好是買諾基亞還是摩托羅拉的電話了嗎?

　　連接副詞連接副詞主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.

　　He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他沒(méi)有告訴我什么時(shí)候我們能再見(jiàn)面.

　　Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?你能展示給我怎么用這個(gè)新的操作盤嗎?

　　None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.沒(méi)有人知道這些的新的零件能在哪里買到.

　　（3）動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞都可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句

　　We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.我們都預(yù)料他們會(huì)贏,因?yàn)樗麄兊年?duì)員更強(qiáng)壯.

　　He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告訴我們?cè)谡麄€(gè)工作中,他都會(huì)幫忙的.

　　部分“動(dòng)詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)也可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句

　　I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我發(fā)現(xiàn)這場(chǎng)音樂(lè)會(huì)的所有票都賣光了.

　　Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?你能計(jì)算出這次旅行我們將花費(fèi)多少錢嗎?

　　動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)也可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句常見(jiàn)的這些詞有:make sure確保 make up one’s mind下決心 keep in mind牢記

　　Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交試卷前確保沒(méi)有任何錯(cuò)誤.

　　可運(yùn)用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替的賓語(yǔ)從句

　　①動(dòng)詞find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,則需要用it做形式賓語(yǔ)而將that賓語(yǔ)從句后置.

　　I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我認(rèn)為每天多喝開(kāi)水是有必要的.

　　I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.我沒(méi)去聚會(huì),感覺(jué)非常遺憾.

　　I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天寫(xiě)日記成了習(xí)慣.

　　We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我們都認(rèn)為對(duì)這件事馬上做出決定很重要.

　　②有些動(dòng)詞帶賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)尋要在賓語(yǔ)與從句前加it這類動(dòng)詞主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.

　　I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.我討厭他們滿嘴食物時(shí)說(shuō)話.

　　He will have it that our plan is really practical.他會(huì)認(rèn)為我們的計(jì)劃確實(shí)可行.

　　We take it that you will agree with us.我們認(rèn)為你會(huì)同意我們的.

　　When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.開(kāi)啟發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)時(shí), 一定要使汽車的離合器處于空擋位置.

　　③若賓語(yǔ)從句是wh-類,則不可用it代替

　　We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我們都認(rèn)為你所說(shuō)的是不可信的.

　　We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們所學(xué)到的東西都是有用的.

　　3.介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句用wh-類的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句

　　We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我們正在討論是否讓學(xué)生加入我們的俱樂(lè)部.

　　The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.這本新書(shū)是關(guān)于神州6號(hào)載人航天飛船是如何升如太空的.

　　用that,if引導(dǎo)的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)候except,but,besides三個(gè)介詞后可見(jiàn)到that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

　　I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.對(duì)于我的新鄰居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一無(wú)所知.

　　4.形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的形容詞有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure

　　I will pass the exam.我確信我會(huì)通過(guò)考試.

　　I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我這么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間在打擾你.

　　He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高興在他生病的時(shí)候李明能去看望他.

　　5.if,whether在賓語(yǔ)從句中的區(qū)別

　　①if和whether在作“是否”解時(shí),引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句常放在動(dòng)詞know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介詞后一般不用if

　　②少數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的賓語(yǔ)從句常用whether.

　　③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.

　　④在不定式前只能用whether.如： I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。

　　⑤避免歧異時(shí),我們常用whether而不用if.

　　6.哪些賓語(yǔ)從句不可以省略引導(dǎo)詞that當(dāng)that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí);當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)時(shí);當(dāng)主語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)置于主句尾,賓語(yǔ)從句之前時(shí);當(dāng)主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(包括非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)與賓語(yǔ)從句之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí);當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),此時(shí)第一個(gè)that可以省略,第二個(gè)that不可以省略;當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)是this,that或this,that做主語(yǔ)的`定語(yǔ)時(shí);當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是雙賓語(yǔ)中的直接賓語(yǔ)時(shí);當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或主語(yǔ)從句時(shí);當(dāng)主語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是固定詞組時(shí);當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句有it做其先行詞時(shí);在直接引語(yǔ)中,轉(zhuǎn)述分句把賓語(yǔ)從句隔開(kāi)時(shí)

　　賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱而且為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的否定詞一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來(lái),其反義疑問(wèn)句一般與賓語(yǔ)從句一致.

　　I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能說(shuō)成I think he won’t come to my party.我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來(lái)我的舞會(huì).

　　I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?我認(rèn)為那個(gè)人不是Jim所殺的,是不是?如果賓語(yǔ)從句中有某個(gè)含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,其反義疑問(wèn)句要用肯定形式.

　　We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他從來(lái)不仔細(xì)聽(tīng)老師講課,是不是?

　　賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)序當(dāng)主句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候,賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)一般不受主句的時(shí)態(tài)所影響.當(dāng)主句為過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)候

　　①?gòu)木溆靡话氵^(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生

　　I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.我只知道他當(dāng)時(shí)在西方的一個(gè)國(guó)家讀書(shū),可不知道是哪個(gè)國(guó)家.

　　He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.他問(wèn)我他進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候我是否正在讀<老人與海>.

　　②從句過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前

　　He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.他告訴我他已經(jīng)把有關(guān)會(huì)議的事情告訴的了Mary.

　　③從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后

　　The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.記者問(wèn)政府是否會(huì)采取必要的措施鎮(zhèn)壓騷亂.

　　如果從句是一個(gè)客觀真理,那么從句的時(shí)候不根據(jù)主句的時(shí)態(tài)而變化

　　The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.老師昨天說(shuō)月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn).

　　當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑問(wèn)時(shí),不能按正常語(yǔ)序安排,經(jīng)常將這類引導(dǎo)詞置于句首

　　Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?你認(rèn)為今年公眾會(huì)選誰(shuí)為他們最喜歡的歌手

　　賓語(yǔ)從句，即：在主句中擔(dān)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的從句。學(xué)習(xí)賓語(yǔ)從句要抓住三要素：連接詞、語(yǔ)序和時(shí)態(tài)。 連接詞一般都是that(指事務(wù)或人),which（指事）,who（指人）

　　1．從句為陳述句，常選擇連接詞that或?qū)hat省略，直接與主句相連。

　　2．從句為一般疑問(wèn)句，常選擇連接詞if或whether。在whether…ornot結(jié)構(gòu)中不能用if替換。

　　3．從句為特殊疑問(wèn)句，常選擇what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑問(wèn)代、副詞作連接詞。

　　注意：當(dāng)who為主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句式為：who+謂語(yǔ)+其他三：判斷時(shí)態(tài)情況：

　　1。主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句為各種時(shí)態(tài)情況

　　2。主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句為各種相應(yīng)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)注意：從句描繪客觀事實(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

　　1. The teacher told the children that the sun____ round. 【A. was B. is C. were D. are】

　　2. I believe that our team____ the basketball match.【 A. win B. won C. will win D. wins 】

　　3. I don’t know____ to visit the old man. 【A. whether B. if C. that D. who】 The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school. 【A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where】

　　答：選B，動(dòng)詞reach后接賓語(yǔ)從句，從句缺少賓語(yǔ)，where不可，which引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表疑問(wèn)含義“哪一個(gè)…”而此句中并非疑問(wèn)含義，不知道哪一座廟宇，而是用what從句表陳述含義，意“過(guò)去的一座舊廟宇”；temple后為對(duì)其修飾的定語(yǔ)從句，用關(guān)系代詞which代替，并在從句中作動(dòng)詞used的賓語(yǔ)，use sth. as…“把…用作…whether + or not 賓語(yǔ)從句，在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)，位于及物動(dòng)詞后；

　　eg． Tell him which class you are in ． Do you know what he likes？

　　注：(1)主、從句時(shí)態(tài)一致： 主句謂語(yǔ)過(guò)去時(shí)，從句相應(yīng)過(guò)去時(shí)； He answered that he was listening to me. 主句謂語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)任所需；

　　eg． He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk. They know (that) he is working hard. 具體過(guò)去永不變，真理格言現(xiàn)在時(shí)；

　　eg． He told me that he was born in 1980. Father told me that practice makes perfect .

　　（2）否定前移，及完成反意問(wèn)句； 在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等動(dòng)詞后跟賓語(yǔ)從句否定式時(shí)，應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上去，完成反意問(wèn)句時(shí)，應(yīng)與從句主、謂保持一致。（注: 否定前移的條件是，主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱）

　　eg． I don't think you are right ,are you ? I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they ?

　　（3）在表示建議 suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 決定 decide; 命令 order、command; 堅(jiān)決主張 insist; 等動(dòng)詞后跟賓語(yǔ)從句，用（should）+v．（虛擬語(yǔ)氣）

　　eg． I suggested that you（should）study hard． He ordered that we should go out at once．

　　（4）如果賓語(yǔ)從句后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，把賓語(yǔ)從句后置

　　eg．You may think it strange that he would live there．

　　（5）賓語(yǔ)從句that常可省略，但在以下情況下不能省略

　　A．當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，可以省略第一個(gè)that，其他不能省略。

　　eg．I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get bet?．

　　B．當(dāng)it作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)

　　eg．She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．

　　C．當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句前置時(shí)

　　eg．That our team will win，I believe．